Minggu, 26 Desember 2010

Tugas Tulisan 5 UG

Animasi, Anime, & Animation.

1. Animasi.

Animasi, atau lebih akrab disebut dengan film animasi, adalah film yang merupakan hasil dari pengolahan gambar tangan sehingga menjadi gambar yang bergerak. Pada awal penemuannya, film animasi dibuat dari berlembar-lembar kertas gambar yang kemudian di-"putar" sehingga muncul efek gambar bergerak. Dengan bantuan komputer dan grafika komputer, pembuatan film animasi menjadi sangat mudah dan cepat. Bahkan akhir-akhir ini lebih banyak bermunculan film animasi 3 dimensi daripada film animasi 2 dimensi.
Wayang kulit merupakan salah satu bentuk animasi tertua di dunia. Bahkan ketika teknologi elektronik dan komputer belum diketemukan, pertunjukan wayang kulit telah memenuhi semua elemen animasi seperti layar, gambar bergerak, dialog dan ilustrasi musik.


Proses pembuatan animasi

Ada dua proses pembuatan film animasi, diantaranya adalah secara konvensional dan digital. Proses secara konvensional sangat membutuhkan dana yang cukup mahal, sedangkan proses pembuatan digital cukup ringan. Sedangkan untuk hal perbaikan, proses digital lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan proses konvensional. Tom Cardon seorang animator yang pernah menangani animasi Hercules mengakui komputer cukup berperan. "Perbaikan secara konvensional untuk 1 kali revisi memakan waktu 2 hari sedangkan secara digital hanya memakan waktu berkisar antara 30-45 menit."[1] Dalam pengisian suara sebuah film dapat dilakukan sebelum atau sesudah filmnya selesai. Kebanyakan dubbing dilakukan saat film masih dalam proses, tetapi kadang-kadang seperti dalam animasi Jepang, sulih suara justru dilakukan setelah filmnya selesai dibuat.



2Dimensi

Celluloid (konvensional)

Teknik Celluloid (kadang-kadang disebut menjadi cell) ini merupakan teknik mendasar dalam pembuatan film animasi klasik. Setelah gambar mejadi sebuah rangkaian gerakan maka gambar tersebut akan ditransfer keatas lembaran transparan (plastik) yang tembus pandang/ sel (cell) dan diwarnai oleh Ink and Paint Departement. Setelah selesai film tersebut akan direkam dengan kamera khusus, yaitu multiplane camera didalam ruangan yang serba hitam.
Objek utama yang mengeksploitir gerak dibuat terpisah dengan latar belakang dan depan yang statis. Dengan demikian, latar belakang (background) dan latar depan (foreground) dibuat hanya sekali saja. Cara ini dapat menyiasati pembuatan gambar yang terlalu banyak.
  • Pra-produksi:
    • Konsep,
    • Skenario,
    • Pembentukan karakter,
    • Storyboard,
    • Dubbing awal,
    • Musik dan sound FX
  •  Pasca-produksi:
    • Lay out (Tata letak),
    • Key motion (Gerakan kunci/ inti),
    • In Between (Gambar yang menghubungkan antara gambar inti ke gambar inti yang lain)
    • Clean Up (Membersihkan gambar dengan menjiplak)
    • Background (Gambar latar belakang),
    • Celluloid (Ditransfer keatas plastik transparan)
    • Coloring (Mewarnai dengan tinta dan cat).
  • Post-produksi:
    • Composite,
    • Camera Shooting (Gambar akan diambil dengan kamera, dengan mengambil frame demi frame),
    • Editing,
    • Rendering,
    • Pemindahan film kedalam roll film.


     

    Komputer

    Setelah perkembangan teknologi komputer di era 80-an, proses pembuatan animasi 2 dimensi menjadi lebih mudah. Yang sangat nyata dirasakan adalah kemudahan dalam proses pembuatan animasi. Untuk penggarapan animasi sederhana, mulai dari perancangan model hingga pengisian suara/dubbing dapat dilakukan dengan mempergunakan satu personal komputer. Setiap kesalahan dapat dikoreksi dengan cepat dan dapat dengan cepat pula diadakan perubahan. Sementara dengan teknik konvensional, setiap detail kesalahan kadang-kadang harus diulang kembali dari awal. Proses pembuatan animasi 2Dimensi digital terdiri dari:
  • Pra-produksi:
    • Konsep,
    • Skenario,
    • Pembentukan karakter,
    • Storyboard,
    • Dubbing awal,
    • Musik dan sound FX
  • Pasca-produksi:
    • Lay out (Tata letak),
    • Key motion (Gerakan kunci/ inti),
    • In Between (Gambar yang menghubungkan antara gambar inti ke gambar inti yang lain)
    • Background (Gambar latar belakang),
    • Scanning
    • Coloring.
  • Post-produksi:
    • Composite,
    • Editing,
    • Rendering,
    • Pemindahan film kedalam berbagai media berupa VCD, DVD, VHS dan lainnya.



    3Dimensi

    Tiga Dimensi, biasanya digunakan dalam penanganan grafis. 3D secara umum merujuk pada kemampuan dari sebuah video card (link). Saat ini video card menggunakan variasi dari instruksi-instruksi yang ditanamkan dalam video card itu sendiri (bukan berasal dari software) untuk mencapai hasil grafik yang lebih realistis dalam memainkan game komputer.[2] 

     

    Animasi di Indonesia

    Perkembangan animasi sebenarnya telah meluas di Indonesia, bahkan ada beberapa studio yang telah membuat animasi lisensi luar dikerjakan oleh tenaga ahli lokal atau dengan kalimat lain, Indonesia sudah lama terkenal hanya sebagai tempat produksi industri film animasi Jepang dan Amerika Serikat. Data Ainaki (Asosiasi Industri Animasi dan Konten Indonesia) mencatat nama-nama studio animasi Indonesia, diantaranya adalah: Frozzty Entertainment, Tunas Pakar Integraha, Castle Production,CAM Solution, Mirage, Pustaka Lebah, Jogjakartun, Mrico, Animad Studio, Jelly Fish, Bulakartun, Griya Studio, Bening Studio, Studio Kasatmata, Asiana Wang Animation, Bintang Jenaka Cartoon Film, Red Rocket, Infinite Frameworks Studios Batam dan lain-lain.[3]


    Sumber : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animasi 

 2. Anime.


Anime (アニメ) (baca: a-ni-me, bukan a-nim) adalah animasi khas Jepang, yang biasanya dicirikan melalui gambar-gambar berwarna-warni yang menampilkan tokoh-tokoh dalam berbagai macam lokasi dan cerita, yang ditujukan pada beragam jenis penonton. Anime dipengaruhi gaya gambar manga, komik khas Jepang.
Kata anime tampil dalam bentuk tulisan dalam tiga karakter katakana a, ni, me (アニメ) yang merupakan bahasa serapan dari bahasa Inggris "Animation" dan diucapkan sebagai "Anime-shon".
Anime pertama yang mencapai kepopuleran yang luas Astro Boy karya Ozamu Tezuka pada tahun 1963. Sekarang anime sudah sangat berkembang jika dibandingkan dengan anime zaman dulu. Dengan grafik yang sudah berkembang sampai alur cerita yang lebih menarik dan seru. Masyarakat Jepang sangat antusias menonton anime dan membaca manga. Dari anak-anak sampai orang dewasa. Mereka menganggap, anime itu sebagai bagian dari kehidupan mereka, Hal ini yang membuat beberapa televisi kabel yang terkenal akan beberapa film kartunnya, seperti Cartoon Network dan Nickelodeon mengekspor kartunnya. Untuk bisa mendapatkan anime, mereka harus membeli DVD/VCD anime atau mereka bisa mengunduh anime itu dari situs-situs penyedia layanan Direct Download Link (DDL). Sekarang anime menjadi sebuah bisnis yang menggiurkan bagi semua orang, dan banyak juga orang yang memanfaatkan hal ini untuk sebuah tindakan kejahatan. Pembuat anime itu sendiri disebut animator.Para Animator itu bekerja disebuah perusahaan media untuk memproduksi sebuah anime. Di dalam perusahaan itu, terdapat beberapa animator yang saling bekerja sama untuk menghasilkan sebuah anime yang berkualitas. Tapi sangat disayangkan, gaji dari para animator tersebut kecil jika dibandingkan dengan kerja keras mereka. Hal ini yang membuat para animator enggan untuk bekerja secara professional. Mereka merasa hal itu tidak sebanding dengan usaha yang telah mereka lakukan. Para animator itu sendiri sering disebut Seniman Bayangan. Karena mereka bekerja seperti seorang seniman yang berusaha mengedepankan unsur cerita dan unsur intrinsiknya.
Pembajakan juga mempersulit para animator untuk mendapatkan keuntungan penuh dari hasil kerja keras mereka, meski ternyata juga ada "gosip" yang mengatakan bahwa ada juga pihak produsen anime itu sendiri yang menyebarluaskan karya mereka diluar jalur perdagangan resmi (mungkin gratisan atau dibajak) dengan tujuan untuk lebih mempopulerkan hasil karya mereka.
Tidak sedikit yang orang yang pergi ke Jepang untuk belajar mengenai pembuatan anime (dan manga tentunya) karena tertarik setelah melihat berbagai anime yang telah menyebar ke berbagai pelosok dunia di berbagai benua. Adapun pihak yang membuat hasil karya yang serupa atau bahkan mungkin meniru ciri anime, misalnya Korea dan beberapa negara Asia lainnya.
Teknologi CG (Computer Graphics) dan Teknologi Visual, Komputer dsb telah mempermudah pembuatan anime sekarang ini, karena itu ada yang menganggap bahwa kualitas artistiknya lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan anime masa lalu. Hanya saja perlu diperhatikan bahwa kualitas gambarnya pun sekarang ini lebih nikmat dilihat dan lebih mudah dimengerti karena gambarnya lebih proporsional dan warnanya lebih bagus, ditambah keberadaan teknologi HD.

Sumber : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime

3. Animation.

 Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods.


Early examples

Main article: History of animation

Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran.

An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion.
Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion.
A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran in Shahr-i Sokhta has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation.[1] However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word.[2]
A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been invented in 180 AD.[3] The phenakistoscope, praxinoscope, and the common flip book were early popular animation devices invented during the 19th century.
These devices produced the appearance of movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much further until the advent of cinematography.
There is no single person who can be considered the "creator" of film animation, as there were several people ẁorking on projects which could be considered animation at about the same time.
Georges Méliès was a creator of special-effect films; he was generally one of the first people to use animation with his technique. He discovered a technique by accident which was to stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation. Méliès discovered this technique accidentally when his camera broke down while shooting a bus driving by. When he had fixed the camera, a hearse happened to be passing by just as Méliès restarted rolling the film, his end result was that he had managed to make a bus transform into a hearse. This was just one of the great contributors to animation in the early years.
The earliest surviving stop-motion advertising film was an English short by Arthur Melbourne-Cooper called Matches: An Appeal (1899). Developed for the Bryant and May Matchsticks company, it involved stop-motion animation of wired-together matches writing a patriotic call to action on a blackboard.
J. Stuart Blackton was possibly the first American film-maker to use the techniques of stop-motion and hand-drawn animation. Introduced to film-making by Edison, he pioneered these concepts at the turn of the 20th century, with his first copyrighted work dated 1900. Several of his films, among them The Enchanted Drawing (1900) and Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906) were film versions of Blackton's "lightning artist" routine, and utilized modified versions of Méliès' early stop-motion techniques to make a series of blackboard drawings appear to move and reshape themselves. 'Humorous Phases of Funny Faces' is regularly cited as the first true animated film, and Blackton is considered the first true animator.

Fantasmagorie by Emile Cohl, 1908
Another French artist, Émile Cohl, began drawing cartoon strips and created a film in 1908 called Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a stick figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects, such as a wine bottle that transforms into a flower. There were also sections of live action where the animator’s hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, which gave the picture a blackboard look. This makes Fantasmagorie the first animated film created using what came to be known as traditional (hand-drawn) animation.
Following the successes of Blackton and Cohl, many other artists began experimenting with animation. One such artist was Winsor McCay, a successful newspaper cartoonist, who created detailed animations that required a team of artists and painstaking attention for detail. Each frame was drawn on paper; which invariably required backgrounds and characters to be redrawn and animated. Among McCay's most noted films are Little Nemo (1911), Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) and The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918).
The production of animated short films, typically referred to as "cartoons", became an industry of its own during the 1910s, and cartoon shorts were produced to be shown in movie theaters. The most successful early animation producer was John Randolph Bray, who, along with animator Earl Hurd, patented the cel animation process which dominated the animation industry for the rest of the decade.


Techniques


Traditional animation

Main article: Traditional animation
An example of traditional animation, a horse animated by rotoscoping from Eadweard Muybridge's 19th century photos.
Traditional animation (also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation) was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, which are first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The animators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels, which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one onto motion picture film against a painted background by a rostrum camera.
The traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century. Today, animators' drawings and the backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system. Various software programs are used to color the drawings and simulate camera movement and effects. The final animated piece is output to one of several delivery media, including traditional 35 mm film and newer media such as digital video. The "look" of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the character animators' work has remained essentially the same over the past 70 years. Some animation producers have used the term "tradigital" to describe cel animation which makes extensive use of computer technology.
Examples of traditionally animated feature films include Pinocchio (United States, 1940), Animal Farm (United Kingdom, 1954), and Akira (Japan, 1988). Traditional animated films which were produced with the aid of computer technology include The Lion King (US, 1994) Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi (Spirited Away) (Japan, 2001), and Les Triplettes de Belleville (2003).


Stop motion

A stop-motion animation of a moving coin.
Main article: Stop motion
Stop-motion animation is used to describe animation created by physically manipulating real-world objects and photographing them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement. There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually named after the type of media used to create the animation. Computer software is widely available to create this type of animation.


Computer animation

Main article: Computer animation
A short gif animation of Earth.
A 3-D computer animation of hypercube.
Computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor being that the animation is created digitally on a computer.

 2D animation

2D animation figures are created and/or edited on the computer using 2D bitmap graphics or created and edited using 2D vector graphics. This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques such as of tweening, morphing, onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping.
Examples: Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Danny Phantom, Waltz with Bashir,The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy



3D animation

3D animation are digitally modeled and manipulated by an animator. In order to manipulate a mesh, it is given a digital skeletal structure that can be used to control the mesh. This process is called rigging. Various other techniques can be applied, such as mathematical functions (ex. gravity, particle simulations), simulated fur or hair, effects such as fire and water and the use of Motion capture to name but a few, these techniques fall under the category of 3d dynamics. Many 3D animations are very believable and are commonly used as Visual effects for recent movies.
 Terms
2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D techniques usually build virtual worlds in which characters and objects move and interact. 3D animation can create images that seem real to the viewer.



Other animation techniques

  • Drawn on film animation: a technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on film stock, for example by Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage.
  • Paint-on-glass animation: a technique for making animated films by manipulating slow drying oil paints on sheets of glass, for example by Aleksandr Petrov.
  • Erasure animation: a technique using tradition 2D medium, photographed over time as the artist manipulates the image. For example, William Kentridge is famous for his charcoal erasure films.
  • Pinscreen animation: makes use of a screen filled with movable pins, which can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen. The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. The technique has been used to create animated films with a range of textural effects difficult to achieve with traditional cel animation.
  • Sand animation: sand is moved around on a back- or front-lighted piece of glass to create each frame for an animated film. This creates an interesting effect when animated because of the light contrast.
  • Flip book: A flip book (sometimes, especially in British English, called a flick book) is a book with a series of pictures that vary gradually from one page to the next, so that when the pages are turned rapidly, the pictures appear to animate by simulating motion or some other change. Flip books are often illustrated books for children, but may also be geared towards adults and employ a series of photographs rather than drawings. Flip books are not always separate books, but may appear as an added feature in ordinary books or magazines, often in the page corners. Software packages and websites are also available that convert digital video files into custom-made flip books.

 Other techniques and approaches



Sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation
 

 





 
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